What are the complications of diabetic foot amputation?

What are the complications of diabetic foot amputation?

What are the complications of diabetic foot amputation?

Overview
The patient has had diabetes for more than 20 years. In the first few years, the patient did not have obvious discomfort. Later, blood sugar control has been unstable, sometimes as high as 28, 29, and sometimes can be controlled to 4 A few or so, I have not seen it before going to the special diabetes hospital system. I have been controlling my diet. I found a wound on my foot a month ago. I didn’t care at the time. Later, it appeared to be rotten and smelly. After I went to the hospital for examination, I found out that it was suffering. With the disease of diabetic foot, what are the complications after the amputation of diabetic foot?

Step / Method:
1. Clinically, patients with diabetes amputation have a higher probability of infection after surgery than non-diabetic patients. Therefore, once the patient has an abscess after surgery, it must be promptly drained and nursed, otherwise it may even need to be severe. Amputation surgery is performed again.

Diabetes patients, please note that once these changes occur in your feet, you can only amputate without seeing a doctor.

Diabetes is a metabolic disease in which blood sugar levels are elevated due to defects in islet secretion or other biological effects. Diabetes is generally not cured, so once diabetes occurs, it can only be controlled. The various complications caused by diabetes have caused many people to die or live forever.

Diabetes patients, please note that once these changes occur in your feet, you can only amputate without seeing a doctor.

Long-term blood sugar is increased, large blood vessels and microvessels are damaged and endanger the heart, brain, kidney, peripheral nerves, eyes, feet, etc. According to the World Health Organization, the complications of diabetes are as high as 100. Among them, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are more common, followed by kidney disease. For another diabetic disease, a disease that causes amputation in diabetic patients, many patients are unfamiliar.

Diabetic foot is a common complication of diabetic patients. The main site of the disease is on both feet. The main manifestation is that the foot is not cured. Patients who have amputated because of diabetic foot are 10 to 20 times more likely to be non-diabetic. And each patient with a history of diabetes for 10 years or so will have at least one complication of 30% to 40%, of which diabetic foot is more common. The treatment of diabetic foot should be based on the control of blood sugar, the use of target body fluid permeation therapy, the treatment of sputum and sputum venom, blood and myogenic muscles, in order to heal.

Are you afraid of amputation, eyelids, organ failure, and 9 major complications of diabetes?

At present, the mortality caused by diabetic complications is second only to cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases and tumors. From the point of view of death, the cause of death in diabetic patients is mainly various complications.

Are you afraid of amputation, eyelids, organ failure, and 9 major complications of diabetes?

Among them, coronary heart disease is the most common cause of death in diabetic patients, accounting for 60% to 80% of deaths in diabetic patients.

Diabetes is not terrible, terrible is the complications!

1. Diabetes complicated by hypertension

People with diabetes are prone to high blood pressure, with an incidence of 30% to 50%. Diabetes and hypertension have a commonality, so they often have seizures. Therefore, the two are called homologous diseases.

In the early stage, there are headaches, dizziness, vertigo, tinnitus, insomnia and other symptoms. Further development may lead to lesions and even failure of important organs such as heart, brain and kidney.

Doctors remind: Diabetic people do not want to amputate their feet, we must keep in mind 4 "iron law"!

In recent years, diabetic foot has a relatively high incidence rate, because the incidence of diabetes is gradually increasing, and diabetic foot is a complication of diabetes. Therefore, people hope that people can understand the treatment of diabetic foot disease and diet care because of illness. Such diseases can only reduce some of the harms by doing active treatment and care.

Doctors remind: Diabetic people do not want to amputate their feet, we must keep in mind 4 "iron law"!

Sugar foot treatment depends on the condition of the lesion

1. The treatment of ulcers

According to the 6 grades of diabetic foot injury, if it is a grade 0 wound, the risk of ulceration in the foot can be treated with modified shoes, mold inner cushion or deepened shoes, and patient education, regular follow-up. Once skin cracking occurs, active intervention must be made to prevent further damage from developing. Ways to alleviate external stress on a grade 1 wound include wearing a post-shoe, using an ankle brace, wearing a prefabricated walking brace, or using a full-contact gypsum. In addition to proper decompression and compression sites, proper ulcer wound care is required to avoid tissue dehydration cell necrosis and accelerate wound healing.

Hundreds of thousands of patients are amputated every year because of diabetes, but they don’t know that this can be avoided.

Diabetes is a group of lifelong metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia caused by multiple causes. With more than 100 complications, it is the most common complication known.

Hundreds of thousands of patients are amputated every year because of diabetes, but they don’t know that this can be avoided.

Patients with amputation due to diabetes are 10 to 20 times more likely to be non-diabetic. About 10 years after the onset of diabetes, there will be at least one complication in 30% to 40% of patients, and once the complications occur, drug treatment is difficult to reverse, so early prevention of diabetes is particularly important.


  Early symptoms of diabetes:

  1.Mouth

  Dry mouth, thirst, drinking water, sputum, ecchymosis, swelling of the gums, pain in the teeth, or burning sensation in the mouth.

  2. Eyes

  Yellow flat new creature (yellow tumor) under the eyelid

Terrible complications: How do diabetics step by step to amputation and disability?

How do diabetics who have had small skin wounds and small wounds step by step to amputation and even death?

Terrible complications: How do diabetics step by step to amputation and disability?

1. Often the lower limbs are cold, numb, and the legs are “cramped”, which is easily mistaken for the lack of calcium in the elderly and delays the condition. Therefore, the coldness of the foot is an early signal, which is a poor performance of the blood supply to the foot. It must be treated early.

2. “Intermittent claudication” means that after the patient walks for a distance, he develops pain in the lower extremities and is forced to stop exercising. After a short break, the pain is relieved. After walking for a distance again, the pain reappears. As the ischemia increases, the distance the patient walks will become shorter and shorter.

To what extent does diabetes require amputation?

Diabetic foot is a very difficult problem in every hospital. In general, hospitals will consider amputation in order to control infection. In fact, amputation can not guarantee that they will no longer be infected, and the possibility of secondary amputation will occur if the treatment is not good. Therefore, amputation is not the best way for diabetic foot patients. Many patients will also ask: To what extent does diabetes require amputation? It seems that amputation is the only way to treat diabetic foot and the final result. In fact, diabetic foot does not need amputation, and patients ask this, obviously they also reject amputation, but do not know what better way besides amputation?

To what extent does diabetes require amputation?

Although diabetic foot is difficult to treat, finding the right way to treat diabetic foot can be cured. At present, there are probably methods for treating diabetic foot in China:

• Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
• Biological debridement
• Interventional therapy
• Surgical sharp debridement

How long can diabetes live after amputation? The actual situation should be

Core Tip: Every diabetic patient wants to live a few more years, but if it is already necessary to amputate, it means that the disease has caused very serious damage to the body. How long can diabetic patients live after amputation, which should have a very big relationship with the actual recovery of patients and post-treatment.

How long can diabetes live after amputation? The actual situation should be

Diabetes poses a great threat to the health of patients. Especially as the disease continues to develop, the patient's body still has a lot of complications. Among them, the more common is the ulceration of hands and feet. And the wound is very difficult to heal after ulceration, which is actually caused by long-term blood sugar control. If the degree of infection in the hands and feet is very serious, the doctor will recommend the patient to amputate in order to save the life. In fact, this practice is tantamount to drinking and quenching thirst, but it is also a helpless move. The purpose of diabetes amputation is to prolong life. As for how long a patient can live after amputation, there is no fixed number of things.

Don't want to be amputated, diabetics have 7 things to do! No time to delay

For most people with diabetes, the most fear is the complications caused by diabetes, such as diabetic nephropathy, diabetic foot, retinopathy and other diseases, these complications will cause very much damage to the patient's body. Here mainly talk about the knowledge of diabetic foot, hoping to help more people.

Don't want to be amputated, diabetics have 7 things to do! No time to delay

Why is there a diabetic foot?

Long-term high blood sugar levels can cause nerve damage, which can interfere with your ability to sense pain and temperature, which can cause diabetics to not notice the risk of problems on their feet, such as being burnt when washing feet with hot water. .

Nearly 10% of diabetic patients have ulcers in the foot due to peripheral vascular disease and nerve damage, and the patient may not notice the wound on the foot, which in turn may lead to infection.

How to prevent diabetic foot?

Why is the mortality rate after amputation of diabetic foot high?

Before talking about mortality, it is first necessary to talk about the amputation rate of diabetic foot. Improper treatment of diabetic foot and patient treatment are not timely, resulting in high rates of amputation of diabetes. According to statistics, 70 amputation operations worldwide are related to diabetes. The amputation rate of diabetic foot patients is 25 times that of non-diabetics. Specifically, every 30 seconds in the world, a diabetic foot patient is amputated.

Why is the mortality rate after amputation of diabetic foot high?

If the amputation can cure the diabetic foot, it may be the best choice for some patients. However, according to the survey, the mortality rate of diabetic foot patients within 20 months after amputation is 20%, and the mortality rate within 5 years is even as high as 50-70%. This undoubtedly sounded the alarm for us.

In fact, the mortality rate after the amputation of diabetic foot is so high that it is foreseeable. The reasons can be analyzed from the following aspects:

1. There is no improvement in blood supply to the lower extremities. Diabetic foot is often accompanied by lower limb nerve and vascular disease, especially vascular disease, which is easy to cause blood circulation disorder in the lower limbs and insufficient blood supply. After amputation treatment, the vascular lesions of the lower extremities were not relieved, and the blood supply to the lower limbs was still insufficient, leading to further necrosis and life-threatening safety.

What is diabetic heart disease?

Diabetes heart disease refers to long-term diabetic patients, due to hyperglycemia caused by arteriosclerosis of the coronary arteries, and then developed into coronary heart disease, severe cases of angina, myocardial infarction, and even sudden death.

What is diabetic heart disease?

Diabetic heart disease refers to long-term diabetic patients, due to hyperglycemia caused by arteriosclerosis of the coronary arteries, and then we can say that coronary heart disease, severe cases can occur angina, myocardial infarction and even sudden death, these are diabetes heart disease category. When diabetes is associated with heart disease, the lighter patient may have no clinical manifestations. The first one may be that the patient's symptoms are mild and not manifested. Another possibility is that the patient with diabetes has obvious neuropathy, which leads to his feeling. Missing, there is no clinical manifestations, and there are general diabetes patients who can appear symptoms similar to our conventional coronary heart disease, such as chest tightness, chest pain, palpitations, and severe myocardial infarction.

Diabetes heart disease is also the first need to control blood sugar, control blood sugar in a normal range, and then we need our routine anti-platelet therapy, statin lipid-lowering treatment, depending on the patient's condition, if it is only a chronic coronary heart disease If you only need a medical treatment, if there is a sudden acute, such as angina, such as myocardial infarction, we need to take interventional therapy, or the need for bridging.

Why do people with diabetes often have coronary heart disease? What are they?

Many people with diabetes often have coronary heart disease at the same time. Is it true that heart disease can occur if you have diabetes?

Why do people with diabetes often have coronary heart disease? What are they?

The answer is yes, because the connection between diabetes and heart disease is like a brother-in-law, and it is closely linked.

In the outpatient department of cardiology, when patients diagnosed with heart disease such as coronary heart disease, doctors always ask patients whether they have diabetes or high blood pressure, because more than 70% of heart disease patients have diabetes and high blood pressure.

In the endocrinology clinic, as long as the diagnosis is diabetes, doctors will control blood sugar to prevent complications such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, because most people with diabetes eventually die of heart disease.

Getting diabetes is equal to getting heart disease. Is it a rumor or a truth?

Coronary heart disease is one of the common complications of diabetes. Research shows that 70% of diabetic patients eventually die of coronary heart disease. Therefore, people regard diabetes as a risk of heart disease, which means that getting diabetes is a heart disease.

Getting diabetes is equal to getting heart disease. Is it a rumor or a truth?

To investigate the causes of heart disease in people with diabetes, there are several aspects. First, diabetes and coronary heart disease have the same genetic background; secondly, patients with both diseases often share common risk factors, including high blood sugar, high blood pressure, high blood fat, obesity, etc.; again, in the case of hyperglycemia, blood Viscosity will increase, causing oxidative stress, leading to vascular endothelial damage, promoting the formation of plaque, once the plaque falls off, blocking the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, it will cause serious consequences such as myocardial infarction and stroke; finally, diabetic patients are also low People with good blood sugar, severe hypoglycemia can induce myocardial infarction.

Diabetes and heart disease are closely related? The culprit is actually a gene!

Type 2 diabetes affects more than 3.8 million people worldwide and is now becoming a global pandemic. However, we are not very clear about the cause of type 2 diabetes, and it is also the main cause of coronary heart disease. Risk factors, but the researchers have not clarified the biological relationship between them. Now researchers from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine have conducted a large-scale analysis of a large number of genetic data for the first time to analyze the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. The association between type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease was also elucidated, and the study was published in the international journal Nature Genetics.

Diabetes and heart disease are closely related? The culprit is actually a gene!

By genome-sequencing analysis of more than 250,000 people, the researchers identified 16 new genetic risk factors for diabetes and a new risk factor for coronary heart disease for the first time, thus providing an understanding of the relationship between the two diseases. A certain research basis; subsequent researchers pointed out that most of the genomic loci associated with high-risk diabetes may be directly related to high-risk coronary heart disease, and among the 8 loci, the researchers identified a specific genetic mutation. It may affect the risk of type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. These two diseases share the same genetic risk factors and can affect a variety of biological pathways, including immunity, cell proliferation and heart development.

Why is obesity easy to cause diabetes?

Obesity and diabetes are like twin brothers. Many people with long-term obesity are diagnosed with diabetes. Why is this? Many people are not clear. Let everyone know about it now.

Why is obesity easy to cause diabetes?

The underlying cause of diabetes caused by obesity is that organs that treat blood sugar in obese people are not sensitive to insulin and produce "insulin resistance."

Insulin is the most important hypoglycemic hormone in the human body. Only by relying on insulin, blood sugar can enter the cell and be used by the human body, while the glucose level in the blood is maintained within a certain range by insulin. However, when obesity occurs "insulin resistance", in order to meet the metabolic requirements, the pancreas must secrete insulin 5-10 times higher than the normal amount. That is to say, obese people need more insulin than normal people to get normal use of glucose. In order to overcome insulin resistance, the pancreas will synthesize a large amount of insulin, which causes the blood insulin level of obese people to be much higher than that of ordinary people. This is called "hyperprandemia".

What is the relationship between obesity and diabetes?

Diabetes is a common endocrine and metabolic disease and has become an important epidemic disease that threatens the health of all human beings. Among them, obesity is an important factor in the development of diabetes (mainly type 2 diabetes). Among the long-term obese people, the prevalence of diabetes is 4 to 5 times higher than that of ordinary people. In addition, 80% of people with type 2 diabetes are obese.

What is the relationship between obesity and diabetes?

What is the relationship between obesity and diabetes?

Obesity is caused by changes in the body, excess substances are converted into fat, resulting in excessive body fat, exceeding normal physiological needs. Generally, 10% of the normal body weight is overweight, 20% of the standard weight is obese, and 20% of the standard weight is weight loss.

Obese patients have relatively few insulin receptors on adipocytes and are not sensitive to insulin. Although there is enough insulin to play a role, it brings a burden to the body, not only easy to induce diabetes, but also prone to high blood pressure, high blood fat, stroke, coronary heart disease, endocrine disorders and so on.

The amazing secret of diabetes and water

The amazing secret of diabetes and water

The amazing secret of diabetes and water

Trace elements and diabetes

Uncovering diabetes and human "fat of death"

As a common disease, the development of diabetes involves a variety of pathological processes, and there is convincing evidence that trace elements play an extremely important role in the production and action of insulin and the metabolism of energy substrates in diabetics. With the increase of the world population, the incidence of diabetes has soared in recent years. Experts have found that trace elements are closely related to the occurrence of diabetes.

Diabetes has long been considered an incurable disease and can only control diet to prevent comorbidities. However, elemental medicine believes that the causes of diabetes mainly include two aspects:

Chemicals in sugar can destroy metabolism and cause diabetes

A new study suggests that diabetes can be caused by a chemical that reverses the symptoms of diabetes.

Chemicals in sugar can destroy metabolism and cause diabetes

Scientists say that if this is true, high blood sugar will be an influential factor of the disease, not a cause.

The flies experiment found that a large amount of metabolite MG (methylglyoxal) caused a typical metabolic disorder in diabetes.

This leads to increased insulin resistance, obesity and blood sugar levels.

High levels of MG (found in sugar) cause typical diabetes problems and flies metabolism

Dr. Aurelio Taylorman of the German Cancer Research Center in Heidelberg said: "Increased MG levels seem to be sufficient to trigger insulin resistance and typical metabolic disorders of diabetes."

This is clear evidence that MG is not the result, but the cause of type 2 diabetes. under these circumstances

Red wine is good for diabetes metabolism

A few days ago, Israeli scientists conducted a two-year follow-up survey of more than 200 diabetic patients and found that the metabolic status of diabetics drinking red wine improved. In this trial, the more than 200 diabetic patients were divided into three groups on average, one group drinking mineral water every night, the second group drinking white wine, and the third group drinking red wine. The end result shows that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL is a good cholesterol) and apolipoprotein A1 (lipid A1 is a good lipoprotein, which can prevent coronary heart disease and arteriosclerosis. The biggest feature is its The higher the ratio, the better.) The increase in the content and the decrease in total cholesterol. In each test, patients do not affect the type of wine, blood pressure and liver function, regardless of the type of wine they drink. Although both white and red grapes can improve the metabolic status of diabetics, red wines are more effective than white wines.

Red wine is good for diabetes metabolism

The prevalence of diabetes is rapidly increasing, as the epidemic is ravaging the world. Today, the number of adult adult diabetes patients in the UK has reached more than 3 million. It is expected that by 2030, the number will increase to 4.6 million.

Drinking red wine can help increase the rate of metabolism, but a reasonable diet combined with regular exercise can make diabetics return to health earlier.

Aging, obesity, and diabetes are only slow due to new metabolism, and 8 bad habits will change from now on.

Metabolism is the body's ability to digest, absorb, and discharge waste, maintaining the orderly movement of body organs. Medically, there is no accurate definition of metabolism, or slowness. However, the University of Aberdeen’s research has found that people who exclude disease factors and have faster metabolism are healthier. The study found that after 30 years of age, metabolism decreased by 5% every 10 years, resulting in a variety of health problems such as aging, obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Although we can't fight against time, we must stay away from the following bad habits in order to make the metabolism work more rationally.

Aging, obesity, and diabetes are only slow due to new metabolism, and 8 bad habits will change from now on.

lack of sleep. Many people have a similar feeling: they often stay up late or do not work properly, and they feel very old. Experiments at the University of Surrey in the United Kingdom have shown that the function of 711 genes has changed in participants who lack sleep, which involves genes involved in metabolism. Zhou Yingchun said that lack of sleep may reduce the body's ability to regulate glucose, increase the secretion of ghrelin, make people easily feel hungry, and indirectly cause abnormal fat metabolism. It is recommended to have at least 7 hours of sleep per day.

Do not bask in the sun. On a hot summer day, many people are afraid of tanning, preferring to stay in the house. Reluctance to contact the sun, resulting in the body's vitamin D content is not easy. Vitamin D helps maintain cell health and bone metabolism, and if it is deficient, it can lead to disorders in the metabolism of calcium and bone minerals. Therefore, after lunch, you may wish to go out for a walk. On the diet, you can eat more foods rich in vitamin D such as salmon, milk, shrimp, mushrooms, and eggs.

Diabetes combined with respiratory cardiovascular disease Which drugs can not be used?

Many people with diabetes suffer from other diseases, from colds to cardiovascular diseases. This will involve multiple medications. The mutual reaction of many drugs is really difficult to remember. This issue of Q&A is devoted to drugs that need to be used with caution in diabetic patients.

Diabetes combined with respiratory cardiovascular disease Which drugs can not be used?

When a diabetic patient has a respiratory illness such as a cold, which drugs cannot be used?

Diabetes patients with hypertension, which drugs can not be used?

Diabetes patients with high blood lipids, which drugs can not be used?

Diabetes patients with cardiovascular disease, which drugs can not be used?

Reference answer

What are the dangers of diabetes on the heart?

What are the hazards of diabetes on the heart? High blood sugar is harmful to patients, and the most affected is the heart. Studies have shown that people with diabetes have a very high risk of heart disease. Common atherosclerosis is a serious threat to the health of sugar friends. So, what are the hazards of diabetes on the heart?

What are the dangers of diabetes on the heart?

The impact of diabetes on the heart:

Diabetes patients are bound to intensify their lipid and protein saccharification and oxidation due to long-term chronic hyperglycemia, and this process is also involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic heart disease. Many patients with type 2 diabetes have had coronary heart disease when they have just been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. In the susceptible population of diabetes, insulin resistance is the first change. It can occur 15 to 25 years before clinical diabetes. Insulin resistance is associated with a risk factor for atherosclerosis, which promotes atherosclerosis for many years before the onset of clinical diabetes.

Counting 10 major breakthroughs in diabetes prevention in 2017

In 2017, a major breakthrough was made in the management of diabetes.

Counting 10 major breakthroughs in diabetes prevention in 2017

1. Control your weight, type II diabetes or reversible

According to a study published in the British Medical Journal, blood glucose levels in patients with mild type 2 diabetes who have reduced calorie intake by at least 30 pounds have returned to the diagnostic criteria for clinical diabetes.

Virta Health's ketogenic diet is said to safely reverse type 2 diabetes, a diet that prioritizes the intake of healthy fats and proteins while limiting the daily intake of less than 50g of carbohydrates. Adjust the body's energy metabolism.

In the regular diet, carbohydrates are the main part, and the ketogenic diet is based on fatty acids. But not all diabetics are suitable for this diet.

2. Antioxidants reduce the risk of diabetes

We all know that the most important thing to prevent and treat diabetes is to control the intake of carbohydrates and monosaccharides in the diet, and new research finds that an antioxidant-rich diet is also important: women who have the most antioxidants in their studies have diabetes The risk is reduced by 27%. Previous studies have suggested that certain antioxidants such as lycopene reduce the risk of diabetes, but the above studies indicate that an antioxidant-rich diet reduces overall risk.

4 signs of early detection of diabetic heart disease

The symptoms of "diabetic heart disease" are often atypical. Even patients with myocardial infarction can not feel pain. It is easy to be ignored or missed. Patients are often unknowingly "killed by a blow", which is exactly what it is. Terrible.

4 signs of early detection of diabetic heart disease

Cardiovascular disease is one of the most common chronic complications in people with diabetes. About three-quarters of patients with type 2 diabetes have cardiovascular disease, and more than 80% of people with diabetes eventually die from cardiovascular complications.

Like all diseases, if diabetic heart disease (referred to as "glycemic heart disease") can be diagnosed early and treated early, the prognosis of patients will be greatly improved. However, because the symptoms of diabetic heart disease are hidden and atypical, they are often overlooked or missed. For this reason, we need to understand the atypical symptoms of diabetic heart disease. So, what are the "spirits" of diabetic heart disease?

Thin people have a higher risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease

 A recent German survey found that nearly one-fifth of lean people are at high risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. These people are mainly fat-deficient, especially in the legs. The survey was completed by the German Diabetes Research Center and the Helmholtz Center and published in the professional journal Cell Metabolism.

Thin people have a higher risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease

        People are used to thinking that slimness is healthy, but it is not entirely true. According to the sample survey, almost 20% of people with moderate body weight are sub-healthy people with metabolic problems, and their risk of cardiovascular disease and death is three times higher than that of people with metabolic health, even more than normal metabolism. Fat people are even higher.

        The researchers surveyed 981 thin people and found that 18% of the respondents had impaired metabolic function, mainly characterized by abdominal obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and insulin resistance. And impaired glucose tolerance.

Diabetes and heart disease are closely related? The culprit is actually a gene!

Core Tip: Type 2 diabetes affects more than 3.8 million people worldwide and is now becoming a global pandemic. However, we are not very clear about the cause of type 2 diabetes. The main risk factor for heart disease.

Diabetes and heart disease are closely related? The culprit is actually a gene!

 Type 2 diabetes affects more than 3.8 million people worldwide and is now becoming a global pandemic. However, we are not very clear about the cause of type 2 diabetes, and it is also the main cause of coronary heart disease. Risk factors, but the researchers have not clarified the biological relationship between them. Now researchers from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine have conducted a large-scale analysis of a large number of genetic data for the first time to analyze the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. The association between type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease was also elucidated, and the study was published in the international journal Nature Genetics.

The essence of the recent association between diabetes and cardiovascular disease

Diabetes and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are the most common systemic diseases. Studies have confirmed that there is a close relationship between them, such as: diabetes people have almost all cardiovascular disease-related risk factors, such as hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure and so on.

The essence of the recent association between diabetes and cardiovascular disease

1.JACC: bypass vsPCI--the choice of treatment for patients with cardiovascular disease of type 1 diabetes

For patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) with multivessel disease, the greater benefit of bypass surgery or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has not been elucidated.

This study included T1D patients who underwent the first multivessel reconstruction surgery in Sweden from 1995 to 2013, and conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the patient's clinical information and prognosis through multiple databases. Finally, a total of 683 patients undergoing bypass surgery and 1863 patients undergoing PCI were enrolled. After an average of 10.6 years of follow-up, 53% of patients in the bypass group and 45% of patients in the PCI group died, with bypass therapy. Compared with the group, all-cause mortality was similar in the PCI group (HR: 1.14; 95% CI: 0.99 - 1.32), and the risk of stroke and heart failure was similar, but coronary heart disease (HR: 1.45; 95% CI: The mortality rates of 1.21 - 1.74), myocardial infarction (HR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.23 - 1.78) and revascularization (HR: 5.64; 95% CI: 4.67 - 6.82) were significantly higher.

The mortality rate of cardiovascular disease in diabetes is so high

Diabetic heart disease is a cardiovascular disease complicated or associated with diabetes, including diabetic cardiomyopathy, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, hypertension, and coronary heart disease. The incidence and mortality of cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients is 2-3 times higher than that in non-diabetic patients. The average life expectancy of cardiovascular disease and diabetes is 15 years. Diabetes is one of the more common diseases in the middle-aged and elderly population. Clinically, when the disease progresses to a certain stage, various complications will occur and the disease will be accelerated.

The mortality rate of cardiovascular disease in diabetes is so high

A study released by British researchers on the 7th showed that people with both cardiovascular disease and diabetes had an average lifespan of 15 years shorter than those with or without these two diseases. From 1960 to 2010, Cambridge University and other institutions collected 1.2 million volunteers and conducted long-term follow-up investigations on their health. With the help of big data, the researchers analyzed more than 135,000 deaths and estimated the proportion of people with diabetes, stroke, and myocardial infarction in the deceased, and compared it with other people.

2017 ESC experts understand diabetes and cardiovascular disease

The 2017 European Society of Cardiology Annual Meeting (ESC 2017) conducted a global webcast of the Symposium on Clinical Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases. Across the time and space, on the scene, listeners from more than 50 countries and regions listened to the experts' speech at ESC 2017 and experienced the latest diagnosis and treatment concepts related to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

2017 ESC experts understand diabetes and cardiovascular disease

The conference was co-chaired by Professor Stefano Del Prato, an endocrinology and metabolism expert at the University of Pisa, Italy, and Professor Darren K. McGuire, a medical specialist at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. He also invited Professor David Cherney, a nephrologist at the University of Toronto, Canada, and endocrine in the University of Toronto, Canada. Professor Lamrence Leiter, a metabolic expert, and four experts have conducted in-depth interpretation and discussion on the treatment of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Why is diabetes easy to cause cardiovascular disease?

Diabetes is a common group of metabolic endocrine diseases characterized by glucose and fat metabolism disorders and elevated plasma glucose levels. The pathogenesis and progression of the disease is very complicated, and there are still many scientists studying it.

Why is diabetes easy to cause cardiovascular disease?

Most people with diabetes can be classified into two major categories of pathogenesis. One type (type 1) is the absolute lack of insulin secretion, and the other type (type 2) is a combination of insulin resistance and insulin-compensatory secretory response. Because insulin is an important substance for lowering blood sugar secreted by the human body, in general, type 1 mainly refers to the problem of the formation of this substance, which does not reach a sufficient level. Type 2 mainly refers to the substance that acts on insulin is resistant to insulin, leading to insulin. Can not play the role of lowering blood sugar.

What are the complications of diabetes?

What are the complications of diabetes?

What are the complications of diabetes?

1.Diabetic nephropathy
It is one of the most important complications of diabetes patients. The incidence rate in China is also on the rise, and it has become the second cause of end-stage renal disease, second only to various glomerulonephritis. Due to the complex metabolic disorders, once developed into end-stage renal disease, it is often more difficult to treat than other kidney diseases. However, active and appropriate interventions can significantly reduce and delay the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy, especially in the early stage of the disease.

2. Diabetic eye complications
(1) Diabetic retinopathy is the most important manifestation of diabetic microangiopathy. It is a fundus lesion with specific changes and is one of the serious complications of diabetes. Clinically, according to the presence or absence of retinal neovascularization, diabetic retinopathy without retinal neovascularization is called non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (or simple or background type), and there will be diabetes with retinal neovascularization. Retinopathy is called proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

What are the treatments for type 2 diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes treatment:

What are the treatments for type 2 diabetes?

1.Oral hypoglycemic agent

•  biguanides (such as metformin) These drugs have the ability to reduce the liver's glucose output and help muscle cells, fat cells and liver absorb more glucose from the blood, thus lowering blood sugar levels.
• Sulfonylureas (such as glimepiride, glibenclamide, gliclazide, and gliclazone) The main role of these oral hypoglycemic agents is to stimulate islets to release more insulin.
• Thiazolidinediones (such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone) These drugs can enhance insulin sensitivity and help muscle cells, fat cells and liver absorb more glucose in the blood. However, rosiglitazone may increase the risk of heart disease.
• Benzoic acid derivatives (such as repaglinide and nateglinide) The mechanism of action of these drugs is similar to that of sulfonylureas, mainly to stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin to lower blood sugar.
• α-glucosidase inhibitors (such as acarbose and voglibose) These hypoglycemic agents can inhibit the absorption of sugar by the human digestive tract, the main role is to reduce postprandial blood glucose.

What items do you need to check for type 2 diabetes? What is the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes?

An examination
Type 2 diabetes is caused by the inability of insulin to function effectively (less binding to the receptor). Therefore, it is necessary to check not only the fasting blood glucose, but also the blood sugar 2 hours after the meal, especially the islet function test.

What items do you need to check for type 2 diabetes? What is the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes?

The specific values ​​are as follows: normal human fasting blood glucose: 3.9 to 6.1 mmol/L, and blood glucose is 7.8 mmol/L or less after 2 hours. For example, fasting blood glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol / liter, blood glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol / liter 2 hours after a meal, can diagnose diabetes. For example, fasting blood glucose is 6.1 ~ 7.0 mmol / liter, blood sugar between 7.8 ~ 11.1 mmol / liter 2 hours after meal is impaired in glucose regulation, which is the manifestation of early diabetes. The urine sugar test is for reference only and cannot diagnose the basis of diabetes and medication.
Islet function test: The tester observed changes in blood sugar, insulin and C-peptide after oral administration of 75 g of glucose water 300 ml.

What is type 2 diabetes? What is the clinical manifestation of type 2 diabetes?

The original name of type 2 diabetes is adult-onset diabetes, which occurs after 35 to 40 years old, accounting for more than 90% of diabetic patients.

What is type 2 diabetes? What is the clinical manifestation of type 2 diabetes?

In patients with type 2 diabetes, the ability to produce insulin is not completely lost. In some patients, insulin is even excessive, but the effect of insulin is poor. Therefore, insulin in patients is relatively lacking and can be stimulated by certain oral drugs. Insulin secretion. But in the later period there are still some patients who need insulin therapy.

Clinical manifestation
Some patients with type 2 diabetes are mainly insulin resistant, patients are obese, insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity is decreased, blood insulin is increased to compensate for insulin resistance, but insulin secretion is still relatively insufficient compared with patients with high blood sugar. The early symptoms of these patients are not obvious, only mild fatigue, thirst, and large blood vessel and microvascular complications often occur before the diagnosis is made. Dietary therapy and oral hypoglycemic agents are more effective. Another part of the patients is mainly caused by insulin secretion defects, and clinically need to supplement exogenous insulin.

What are the dietary treatments for diabetes?

What are the dietary treatments for diabetes?

What are the dietary treatments for diabetes?

1. Dietary therapy is a treatment that all diabetics need to adhere to. Light cases can receive good results mainly by diet therapy. For middle and heavy patients, it is also necessary to rationally apply physical therapy and drug therapy on the basis of diet therapy. Only diet control is good, oral hypoglycemic agents or islet pancreas can play a good effect. Otherwise, it is difficult to achieve good results in clinical practice, relying on the so-called new medicine and neglecting the diet.

There are five kinds of early symptoms of diabetes.

Many people are unclear about the early symptoms of diabetes, so that diabetes is panicked when diagnosed. So, what are the early symptoms of diabetes? In fact, the arrival of diabetes is traceable. There are five types of early symptoms of diabetes. See if you are a candidate for diabetes.

There are five kinds of early symptoms of diabetes. Are you recruited?

Early symptoms of diabetes, easy to hungry, eat much

Because the sugar in the body is excreted as urine sugar, the food that is eaten is not enough to maintain the calories needed by the body, causing the patient to always feel hunger, so a lot of food, but still feel hungry, usually do not eat Sweet people have also begun to eat a lot of sweets. When the early symptoms of diabetes appear, you need to consider whether you have diabetes and need to go to the hospital in time.

What are the treatments for diabetes?

There is currently no cure for diabetes, but diabetes can be controlled by a variety of treatments. It mainly includes five aspects: education for diabetic patients, self-monitoring blood sugar, diet therapy, exercise therapy and drug therapy.

What are the treatments for diabetes?

General treatment
1.Education
To educate people with diabetes to understand the basics of diabetes, to build confidence in the fight against disease, how to control diabetes, and to control the health benefits of diabetes. Develop appropriate treatment options based on the characteristics of each diabetic patient.

2.Self-monitoring blood sugar
With the gradual popularization of small and fast blood glucose meters, patients can adjust the dose of hypoglycemic drugs at any time according to blood sugar levels. Type 1 diabetes is monitored at least 4 times a day (pre-meal) when intensively treated, and 8 times before blood glucose is unstable (before, after, at night, before bedtime and at 3:00 am). Fasting blood glucose should be controlled below 7.2 mmol/L during intensive therapy, blood glucose less than 10 mmol/L two hours after meal, and HbA1c less than 7%. The frequency of self-monitoring blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes can be appropriately reduced.

What are the diagnostic methods for diabetes?

Diagnosis of diabetes is generally not difficult, fasting blood glucose greater than or equal to 7.0 mmol / liter, and / or two hours after the meal, blood glucose greater than or equal to 11.1 mmol / liter can be diagnosed. To diagnose after diagnosis of diabetes:

What are the diagnostic methods for diabetes?

Type 1.1 diabetes
The age of onset is light, mostly <30 years old, sudden onset, polydipsia, polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, high blood sugar levels, many patients with ketoacidosis as the first symptom, serum insulin and C-peptide levels are low, ICA, IAA Or GAD antibodies can be positive. Oral medication alone is not effective and requires insulin therapy.

Type 2.2 diabetes
Common in middle-aged and elderly people, obesity has a high incidence, often accompanied by high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, arteriosclerosis and other diseases. Insidious onset, no symptoms in the early stage, or only mild fatigue, thirst, blood sugar is not obvious, need to do a glucose tolerance test to confirm the diagnosis. Serum insulin levels are normal or elevated early and are low in the late stage.

What items do you need to check for diabetes?

What items do you need to check for diabetes?

What items do you need to check for diabetes?

1. Blood sugar
It is the only standard for diagnosing diabetes. Those with obvious symptoms of "three more and one less" can be diagnosed with an abnormal blood sugar level. Asymptomatic patients need two abnormal blood glucose levels to diagnose diabetes. Suspicious people need to do a 75g glucose tolerance test.

2. Urine sugar
Often positive. Urine sugar is positive when the blood glucose concentration exceeds the renal sugar threshold (160 to 180 mg/dl). When the renal sugar threshold is increased, even if the blood glucose reaches the diagnosis of diabetes, it can be negative. Therefore, urine sugar determination is not a diagnostic criterion.

What is diabetes? What are the causes of diabetes?

Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar. Hyperglycemia is caused by defects in insulin secretion or its biological effects, or both. Hyperglycemia, which persists in diabetes, causes chronic damage and dysfunction of various tissues, especially the eyes, kidneys, heart, blood vessels, and nerves.

What is diabetes? What are the causes of diabetes?

Cause

1. genetic factors
There is significant genetic heterogeneity in type 1 or type 2 diabetes. There is a family morbidity in diabetes, and 1/4 to 1/2 patients have a family history of diabetes. Clinically, at least 60 genetic syndromes can be associated with diabetes. Type 1 diabetes has multiple DNA sites involved in the pathogenesis, and the DQ polymorphism in the HLA antigen gene is most closely related. A variety of well-defined genetic mutations have been discovered in type 2 diabetes, such as the insulin gene, the insulin receptor gene, the glucokinase gene, and the mitochondrial gene.