What are the complications of diabetes?

What are the complications of diabetes?

What are the complications of diabetes?

1.Diabetic nephropathy
It is one of the most important complications of diabetes patients. The incidence rate in China is also on the rise, and it has become the second cause of end-stage renal disease, second only to various glomerulonephritis. Due to the complex metabolic disorders, once developed into end-stage renal disease, it is often more difficult to treat than other kidney diseases. However, active and appropriate interventions can significantly reduce and delay the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy, especially in the early stage of the disease.

2. Diabetic eye complications
(1) Diabetic retinopathy is the most important manifestation of diabetic microangiopathy. It is a fundus lesion with specific changes and is one of the serious complications of diabetes. Clinically, according to the presence or absence of retinal neovascularization, diabetic retinopathy without retinal neovascularization is called non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (or simple or background type), and there will be diabetes with retinal neovascularization. Retinopathy is called proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

What are the treatments for type 2 diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes treatment:

What are the treatments for type 2 diabetes?

1.Oral hypoglycemic agent

•  biguanides (such as metformin) These drugs have the ability to reduce the liver's glucose output and help muscle cells, fat cells and liver absorb more glucose from the blood, thus lowering blood sugar levels.
• Sulfonylureas (such as glimepiride, glibenclamide, gliclazide, and gliclazone) The main role of these oral hypoglycemic agents is to stimulate islets to release more insulin.
• Thiazolidinediones (such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone) These drugs can enhance insulin sensitivity and help muscle cells, fat cells and liver absorb more glucose in the blood. However, rosiglitazone may increase the risk of heart disease.
• Benzoic acid derivatives (such as repaglinide and nateglinide) The mechanism of action of these drugs is similar to that of sulfonylureas, mainly to stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin to lower blood sugar.
• α-glucosidase inhibitors (such as acarbose and voglibose) These hypoglycemic agents can inhibit the absorption of sugar by the human digestive tract, the main role is to reduce postprandial blood glucose.

What items do you need to check for type 2 diabetes? What is the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes?

An examination
Type 2 diabetes is caused by the inability of insulin to function effectively (less binding to the receptor). Therefore, it is necessary to check not only the fasting blood glucose, but also the blood sugar 2 hours after the meal, especially the islet function test.

What items do you need to check for type 2 diabetes? What is the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes?

The specific values ​​are as follows: normal human fasting blood glucose: 3.9 to 6.1 mmol/L, and blood glucose is 7.8 mmol/L or less after 2 hours. For example, fasting blood glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol / liter, blood glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol / liter 2 hours after a meal, can diagnose diabetes. For example, fasting blood glucose is 6.1 ~ 7.0 mmol / liter, blood sugar between 7.8 ~ 11.1 mmol / liter 2 hours after meal is impaired in glucose regulation, which is the manifestation of early diabetes. The urine sugar test is for reference only and cannot diagnose the basis of diabetes and medication.
Islet function test: The tester observed changes in blood sugar, insulin and C-peptide after oral administration of 75 g of glucose water 300 ml.

What is type 2 diabetes? What is the clinical manifestation of type 2 diabetes?

The original name of type 2 diabetes is adult-onset diabetes, which occurs after 35 to 40 years old, accounting for more than 90% of diabetic patients.

What is type 2 diabetes? What is the clinical manifestation of type 2 diabetes?

In patients with type 2 diabetes, the ability to produce insulin is not completely lost. In some patients, insulin is even excessive, but the effect of insulin is poor. Therefore, insulin in patients is relatively lacking and can be stimulated by certain oral drugs. Insulin secretion. But in the later period there are still some patients who need insulin therapy.

Clinical manifestation
Some patients with type 2 diabetes are mainly insulin resistant, patients are obese, insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity is decreased, blood insulin is increased to compensate for insulin resistance, but insulin secretion is still relatively insufficient compared with patients with high blood sugar. The early symptoms of these patients are not obvious, only mild fatigue, thirst, and large blood vessel and microvascular complications often occur before the diagnosis is made. Dietary therapy and oral hypoglycemic agents are more effective. Another part of the patients is mainly caused by insulin secretion defects, and clinically need to supplement exogenous insulin.

What are the dietary treatments for diabetes?

What are the dietary treatments for diabetes?

What are the dietary treatments for diabetes?

1. Dietary therapy is a treatment that all diabetics need to adhere to. Light cases can receive good results mainly by diet therapy. For middle and heavy patients, it is also necessary to rationally apply physical therapy and drug therapy on the basis of diet therapy. Only diet control is good, oral hypoglycemic agents or islet pancreas can play a good effect. Otherwise, it is difficult to achieve good results in clinical practice, relying on the so-called new medicine and neglecting the diet.

There are five kinds of early symptoms of diabetes.

Many people are unclear about the early symptoms of diabetes, so that diabetes is panicked when diagnosed. So, what are the early symptoms of diabetes? In fact, the arrival of diabetes is traceable. There are five types of early symptoms of diabetes. See if you are a candidate for diabetes.

There are five kinds of early symptoms of diabetes. Are you recruited?

Early symptoms of diabetes, easy to hungry, eat much

Because the sugar in the body is excreted as urine sugar, the food that is eaten is not enough to maintain the calories needed by the body, causing the patient to always feel hunger, so a lot of food, but still feel hungry, usually do not eat Sweet people have also begun to eat a lot of sweets. When the early symptoms of diabetes appear, you need to consider whether you have diabetes and need to go to the hospital in time.

What are the treatments for diabetes?

There is currently no cure for diabetes, but diabetes can be controlled by a variety of treatments. It mainly includes five aspects: education for diabetic patients, self-monitoring blood sugar, diet therapy, exercise therapy and drug therapy.

What are the treatments for diabetes?

General treatment
1.Education
To educate people with diabetes to understand the basics of diabetes, to build confidence in the fight against disease, how to control diabetes, and to control the health benefits of diabetes. Develop appropriate treatment options based on the characteristics of each diabetic patient.

2.Self-monitoring blood sugar
With the gradual popularization of small and fast blood glucose meters, patients can adjust the dose of hypoglycemic drugs at any time according to blood sugar levels. Type 1 diabetes is monitored at least 4 times a day (pre-meal) when intensively treated, and 8 times before blood glucose is unstable (before, after, at night, before bedtime and at 3:00 am). Fasting blood glucose should be controlled below 7.2 mmol/L during intensive therapy, blood glucose less than 10 mmol/L two hours after meal, and HbA1c less than 7%. The frequency of self-monitoring blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes can be appropriately reduced.

What are the diagnostic methods for diabetes?

Diagnosis of diabetes is generally not difficult, fasting blood glucose greater than or equal to 7.0 mmol / liter, and / or two hours after the meal, blood glucose greater than or equal to 11.1 mmol / liter can be diagnosed. To diagnose after diagnosis of diabetes:

What are the diagnostic methods for diabetes?

Type 1.1 diabetes
The age of onset is light, mostly <30 years old, sudden onset, polydipsia, polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, high blood sugar levels, many patients with ketoacidosis as the first symptom, serum insulin and C-peptide levels are low, ICA, IAA Or GAD antibodies can be positive. Oral medication alone is not effective and requires insulin therapy.

Type 2.2 diabetes
Common in middle-aged and elderly people, obesity has a high incidence, often accompanied by high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, arteriosclerosis and other diseases. Insidious onset, no symptoms in the early stage, or only mild fatigue, thirst, blood sugar is not obvious, need to do a glucose tolerance test to confirm the diagnosis. Serum insulin levels are normal or elevated early and are low in the late stage.

What items do you need to check for diabetes?

What items do you need to check for diabetes?

What items do you need to check for diabetes?

1. Blood sugar
It is the only standard for diagnosing diabetes. Those with obvious symptoms of "three more and one less" can be diagnosed with an abnormal blood sugar level. Asymptomatic patients need two abnormal blood glucose levels to diagnose diabetes. Suspicious people need to do a 75g glucose tolerance test.

2. Urine sugar
Often positive. Urine sugar is positive when the blood glucose concentration exceeds the renal sugar threshold (160 to 180 mg/dl). When the renal sugar threshold is increased, even if the blood glucose reaches the diagnosis of diabetes, it can be negative. Therefore, urine sugar determination is not a diagnostic criterion.

What is diabetes? What are the causes of diabetes?

Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar. Hyperglycemia is caused by defects in insulin secretion or its biological effects, or both. Hyperglycemia, which persists in diabetes, causes chronic damage and dysfunction of various tissues, especially the eyes, kidneys, heart, blood vessels, and nerves.

What is diabetes? What are the causes of diabetes?

Cause

1. genetic factors
There is significant genetic heterogeneity in type 1 or type 2 diabetes. There is a family morbidity in diabetes, and 1/4 to 1/2 patients have a family history of diabetes. Clinically, at least 60 genetic syndromes can be associated with diabetes. Type 1 diabetes has multiple DNA sites involved in the pathogenesis, and the DQ polymorphism in the HLA antigen gene is most closely related. A variety of well-defined genetic mutations have been discovered in type 2 diabetes, such as the insulin gene, the insulin receptor gene, the glucokinase gene, and the mitochondrial gene.