What are the complications of diabetes?

What are the complications of diabetes?

What are the complications of diabetes?

1.Diabetic nephropathy
It is one of the most important complications of diabetes patients. The incidence rate in China is also on the rise, and it has become the second cause of end-stage renal disease, second only to various glomerulonephritis. Due to the complex metabolic disorders, once developed into end-stage renal disease, it is often more difficult to treat than other kidney diseases. However, active and appropriate interventions can significantly reduce and delay the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy, especially in the early stage of the disease.

2. Diabetic eye complications
(1) Diabetic retinopathy is the most important manifestation of diabetic microangiopathy. It is a fundus lesion with specific changes and is one of the serious complications of diabetes. Clinically, according to the presence or absence of retinal neovascularization, diabetic retinopathy without retinal neovascularization is called non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (or simple or background type), and there will be diabetes with retinal neovascularization. Retinopathy is called proliferative diabetic retinopathy.


(2) Uveitis associated with diabetes There are roughly the following four cases:

• Uveitis associated with diabetes itself;
• Infectious uveitis, the chance of endogenous infective endophthalmitis in diabetic patients is significantly higher than that in normal people;
• With some specific types of uveitis, but the two are accidental coincidences, or have an intrinsic connection;
• Infectious endophthalmitis or aseptic endophthalmitis after intraocular surgery. Most occur in middle-aged and elderly diabetic patients.

(3) Diabetic cataract occurs in adolescent diabetic patients whose blood glucose is not well controlled. Most of the incidence of both eyes, rapid development, and even develop into complete turbidity within days, weeks or months.

3. Diabetic foot
The foot is a complex target organ for diabetes, a multisystem disease. Diabetic patients with excessive mechanical stress due to peripheral neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease can cause damage and deformity of the soft tissue and bone and joint system of the foot, leading to a series of foot problems, ranging from mild neurological symptoms to severe ulcers. , infection, vascular disease, Charcot joint disease and neuropathic fractures. In fact, similar pathological changes can occur on the upper limbs, face and trunk, but the incidence of diabetic foot is significantly higher than other parts.

4. Diabetes cardiovascular complications
Including microvascular disease on the heart and large blood vessels, myocardial lesions, cardiac autonomic neuropathy, the leading cause of death in diabetic patients. Coronary heart disease is the main major vascular complication of diabetes. Studies have shown that the risk of death from coronary heart disease in diabetic patients is 3 to 5 times higher than that in non-diabetic patients. Its pathological mechanism is atherosclerosis, high blood sugar, high systolic blood pressure, high cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, age, sex, smoking, family history are risk factors for its onset.

5. Diabetic cerebrovascular disease
It refers to intracranial large blood vessels and microvascular diseases caused by diabetes. According to statistics, 20% to 40% of patients with type 2 diabetes develop cerebrovascular disease, mainly manifested as cerebral arteriosclerosis, ischemic cerebrovascular disease, and cerebral hemorrhage. Brain atrophy is one of the main causes of death in diabetic patients.

6. Diabetic neuropathy
The most common type of diabetic neuropathy is chronic distal symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy, which is diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The incidence is high. Some patients have peripheral neuropathy when they are newly diagnosed with diabetes. Unfortunately, In terms of treatment, especially in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy, it is quite difficult, so the focus is also on preventing its occurrence and controlling development.